Themes in The Boat by Alistair MacLeod - 1036 Words

â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood and I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.† At some point in life one is faced with a decision which will define the future, but only time will tell whether or not the choice was right or wrong. The Boat by Alistair MacLeod demonstrates that an individual should make their own decisions in life, be open to new experiences and changes, and that there is no way to obtain something, without sacrificing something else. The story describes the protagonist who is coming of age as torn between the two worlds which he loves equally, represented by his mother and his father. He is now mature and is reflecting on his life and the difficulty of his childhood as a fisherman. Despite†¦show more content†¦The father knows that his dream of knowledge and university will never be fulfilled, and consequently, tries to accomplish this goal through his children. In doing so, he also sacrifices his relationship with his wife who despises him and his â€Å"room and all it stood for† (MacLeod 266). They both try to maintain a positive atmosphere in the house, regardless of their differences, by working hard to raise their children. As the only boy in the family, the narrator idolizes his father and eventually begins to believe that â€Å"it was very much braver to spend a life doing what you really do not want rather than selfishly following forever your own dreams and inclinations† (MacLeod 274). As a result, the narrator promises to help and protect his father until he dies, and the father, in return commits to the ultimate sacrifice of death to set his son free. The author is showing that true love goes beyond life itself and that no sacrifice is too great for a parent in order to give their children the chance of a better life. By implementing the seed of knowledge in his children, the father knew that his sacrifice is not in vain,Show MoreRelatedEssay on the Short Story The Boat789 Words   |  4 Pageslife, we must follow these ethics. When we follow these rules for a while, it begins to turn into a theme. These rules begin to define what we do and more importantly, who we are. This concept is shown clearly by Alistair MacLeod in â€Å"The Boat†. The family, especially the mother and father, clearly shows the themes of love versus hate, dedication, and tradition. Love versus hate is a strong theme shown by the family. The mother loves that she has a husband who is a fisherman, but the father hatesRead MoreLiterary Success in Alistair MacLeod ´s The Boat660 Words   |  3 Pages Alistair MacLeod’s â€Å"The Boat† is a literary success on many levels. His ability to evoke mood, sustain a meaningful theme and a strong setting make this piece particularly impressive. One element MacLeod masters is choice of word. He is constantly using words that emit tone and connect to the over arching theme of water that never disappears. The words used are more often then not water vocabulary, connecting to the water theme. From the opening line to the closing line we are given amazing wordsRead MoreLost Salt Gift of Blood1352 Words   |  6 PagesRegionalism in the World of Alistair McLeod Joan N. Mu**** Student No. ******* Thursday, October 4th, 2012 Regionalism in the World of Alistair McLeod Imagery is used fairly often in the eastern coast of Canada may have an unforgiving and rather harsh streak, but many Canadians choose to raise their families and practice their craft there. In both short stories by Alistair McLeod; The Lost Salt Gift of Blood and The Boat, the setting of the Canadian east coast is used to develop both theRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Boat By Alistair Macleod1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe theme in both the short story The Boat by Alistair Macleod and the poem Warren Pryor by Alden Nowlan have direct connections. Both works reflect the theme of obligation versus aspiration, and promote the message that it is difficult to be happy with a career chosen in order to please someone else. In each story, the protagonists feel compelled to follow a path that is not their own, but rather one chosen for them by their parents who are blind to the protagonist’s true desires. The narrator inRead MoreThe Importance of Traditions in A Rose For Emily and The Boa t935 Words   |  4 Pagessub theme in both short stories, A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner and The Boat by Alistair Macleod. In the former, the loss of tradition is seen by Miss Emily losing her way of life in the old South. In the latter, the boat is the tradition for the story. The tradition is lost as outsiders come in and the daughters leave with the effeminate strangers and abandon the community and the cherished way of life of their mother. However, this tradition represented by Emily’s house and the boat gradually

Future Time Perspective, Anxiety And The Positivity Effect

Future Time Perspective, Anxiety and the Positivity Effect Introduction There is a general assumption that as we age we will experience a decreased quality of life. We feel that as our sight, hearing and joints begin to fail us and we realise that we are approaching the end of our lives we assume that we will become â€Å"grumpy old† men and women. However research consistently, and surprisingly, shows that older adults in fact often report a greater satisfaction with life as they age. Not only that, they are actually better at emotional regulation than younger adults(Carstensen, Pasupathi, Mayr, Nesselroade, 2000). Researchers have described this as Socioemotional Selectivity theory(Carstensen, Isaacowitz, Charles, 1999). One of the†¦show more content†¦Effective emotional regulation is generally seen as the ability to minimise negative emotions and emphasise positive emotions where appropriate. As people age they show more ability to regulate their emotions and to maximise those goals that are focused in the present and have more emot ional meaning ( Carstensen, Fung, Charles, 2003). That this effect is possibly due to perceived amount of time left and not just age is borne out by research that shows the emphasis on having positive, meaningful emotional experiences in the present is also observed in younger adults who have a terminal illness. Whereas ordinarily, younger adults would be expected to seek future orientated experiences and knowledge, those with limited time remaining instead seek present optimisation and show the Positivity effect in attentional bias, (Carstensen Fredrickson, 1998). Another area where attentional bias has been extensively researched is the effect Trait Anxiety has on attention to negative and positive images, dependent on anxiety. The role of emotional regulation processes that may actually maintain the anxiety, where there is a hyper vigilance towards threatening stimuli (Cisler Koster, 2010; Koster, Crombez, Verschuere, De Houwer, 2006; Mathews MacLeod, 2002). This study examined the relationship between Future Time Perspectives and attentional biases towards positive stimuli. This study also looked at whether anxiety proneness has a

Content of a valid contract free essay sample

Table of content: 1.1 The importance of the essential elements required for the formation of a valid contract-explain (P1.1) A contract will be enforceable if it can satisfy some basic conditions. These type conditions are known as elements of essential for a valid contract. Every legal contract satisfies these conditions. Without satisfying these conditions a contract can’t be acceptable. That’s why for the formation of a legal contract satisfying the essential elements is very important. The importance of the essential elements to be a good agreement is described below: Offer and acceptance: Basically offer is a proposal. When the proposal is accepted by the person to whom the proposal is made, then it turns into a contract. To be a contract, one party one party should offer and other party should accept. Where there is no acceptance, there is no contract. For example, Mr S offers to trade his car to Mr Y in exchange of  £45000. This is called proposal. If Mr Y accepts the offer, then there is a contract. Intention to create legal obligation: There should be an intention to create a legal obligation between the parties. For example, a contract to visits a friend’s house is not a contract proposed to generate legal bond, so it is not a contract. But a contract to buy a car is a valid contract because there is purpose to generate legal obligation. Lawful Consideration: Consideration can be defined as a promise to do something or not to do something. A contract of doing something for nothing can’t be an official agreement. Free consent: An important issue to exit a valid contract is free consent. Free consent should have in both parties. A contract made by coercion, mistakes, undue influence and fraud will be void. Certainty: An agreement should not be vague. It should be clear to all related parties. Registration Writing: A good contract should be in written form. Another important element of a valid contract is registration. Capacity of Parties: The parties of a contract should be officially capable of ingoing into a contract. A minor does not possess the capacity of entering into a contract Performance Possibility: An agreement should not be incapable of being performed. A treaty to do an unworkable thing can’t be a treaty. Legality of the object: The object of agreement must be legal. A contract can’t be signed for illegal, immoral issues. After all, it is learned that, to form a good  treaty all the elements mentioned above must be present otherwise it can’t be a good contract. So these elements are very important for making a valid contract. Ref. Anson, Law of a contract At the given scenario, identify the essential elements of the contract (M1) The essential elements of the contract that are identified in the specified scenario are given below: Offer and Acceptance: In the given scenario, Mr John McGurk (seller) proposes to sell a car in exchange of  £60,000. The proposal was made to Collin McCelland. After getting a telex of the offer, Collin McCelland agreed to buy the car and send acceptance latter to John McGurk. So here John McGurk is offeror and Collin McCelland is offeree. Consideration: There is a consideration of selling the car. The car will be sold if buyer agrees to pay  £60000. Legality of the object: The object of this contract is a car which is legal in the eye of law. Free Consent: There is no undue influence, coerce or fraud to accept the offer. So this contract also satisfies the requirement of free consent. Intention to create legal obligation: Here both parties have the intention to create legal obligation. Findings: The given contract has applied most of the essential elements. 1.2 Discuss the impact of different types of contract (P1.2) An agreement is known as officially binding contract. A contract is one type lawful business deal. For example as, contracts of insurance, contracts of securities, contracts to sale land, product etc. Three types of contract like mixture, verbal and written are described below. Every contract has separate impact: The Written contract: A contract which is made on printed document and signed by all the related parties is called written contract. It is the best of all the contracts The Mixture contract: A contract which is combination of both written and verbal is called mixture contract. In this type of contract, some criteria of written agreement and some criteria of verbal agreement are present. The Verbal contract: An agreement which has no written document is called a verbal contract. No legal documents are kept for this type of contracts. Every type of contract has some impacts. In this section, I have mentioned some impacts of a written contract: Not difficult to keep in mind Not difficult to recognise Can be proved easily Can be used as future evidence Reduces confusion and error The impacts of a Verbal contract are described below: It can’t be proved easily Difficult to keep in mind Increase the possibility of confusion and error Mixture: In this type of contract, there are also some possibility of confusion and error. So a written agreement is the best of all agreements. After all I can say that, since written agreement possesses some especial criteria, everybody should use this form of contract. 1.3 With reference to their meaning and effect, analyse the terms in contracts (P1.3) Three type of contractual terms are condition, innominate term and and warranty. Basically contractual terms are two types such as warranty and condition. Condition: An event, action or obligation that must be satisfied or done before another proposition is satisfied. It is one of the major terms of the contract and it is also called a prime term. When this term is violated the guiltless party can stop the contract and demand damages. Reference from a case: Mr P made an agreement with a songster for five programmes. But the songster cannot perform the first program because of his illness. So Mr P breaks the contract and hires another songster Supposed: The songster violates the condition of the contract, so Mr P can dismiss the treaty. Here the songster could not perform in the initial night which was most important to attract visitors. So this contract will be ended. Warranty: This is a warranty which is an assurance given to one party by another party in business and legal transactions. Warranties are not negligible provisions of a treaty. When one party breaks the warranty, the other party can demand compensation. Normally seller provides a warranty paper to the buyer writing all the terms. The buyer gets compensation if there is any wrong in the product within the specific time. Reference from a Case: Mr Nelson decided by an agreement to replace the computer if it damages within 1 year. After 4 months, the computer’s operating systems failed and when Gye claimed a new one with the warrantee paper, Mr Nelson replaced the damaged computer with a new one. Supposed: Mr Nelson violated the warranty but the company could not dismiss the contract. Innominate term: A concept of Innominate term was first recognized in a shipping company. It justifies the level of loss of the blameless party. Reference from case: A boat was started for 10 months period. There was an expression that the ship will be sea time during the total time. The problems arise when there were some troubles in the engine and the engine crew were unable to solve the problem. As a result, the boat cannot run for 15 days. The party who hired the boat considered it as a break of condition and dismissed the agreement. On the other hands, the owners of the boat said that, it is not a break of condition. They filed a case for unfair refutation. Supposed: When the owner filed a case in the courtyard, then the court collected information on that matter. After collecting and analysing the information, the court defines it as a innominate term and justifies effect of the agreement and whether the end of the agreement significantly deprived the innocent party of total gain. Then the court considers that 15 days out of 10 months contract is very small time period so it can’t deprive the defendants of the total gain so they can’t end the agreement. Choose suitable terms for the specified circumstances (M2) The following terms can be found in the scenario. 1. The Warranty 2. The Conditions 3. The Innominate terms. Condition: In this scenario condition can be different types like providing the car which actually mentioned in the contract. If John McGurk does not  send the proposed car, Collin McCelland will breach the contract. Warranty: John McGurk can provide a warranty paper stating the period of warranty covers, the condition for which the car will be replaced or provide free services. If the car faces any troubles within warranty period, John McGurk is bound to replace the car or provide free service. Innominate terms approach: In this case, an innominate term may be the percentage of cash refund for any technical fault of the car, the percentage of expenses which must be carried by the purchaser or the process of claiming damages. 2.1 In the specified business scenario, apply the components of an agreement (P2.1) The basic essentials of contracts that are applied and observed are described below: Offer and Acceptance: In the particular case, John McGurk propose to Collin McCelland to sell an exceptional car for  £60,000. Getting a telex of the offer, Collin McCelland agreed to buy the car and send acceptance latter to John McGurk. So here John McGurk is offeror and Collin McCelland is offeree. Consideration: There is a consideration of selling the car in exchange of  £60000. Legality of the object: The object of this contract is a car which is legal in the eye of law. Free Consent: There is no undue influence, coerce or fraud to accept the offer. So this contract also satisfies the requirement of free consent. Intention to create legal obligation: Here both parties have the intention to create legal obligation. The Conclusion: So in the given contract most of the essential elements are applied. That’s why we can say that it is a valid contract. 2.2 Apply the provisions of different types of contracts (P2.2) Provisions can be categorised into two types. One is Express terms and another one is implied terms. Again on the base of contracts terms are of four types. In the following section I have briefly described the application of law on terns in different contracts: Financial contracts, General contracts, Property contracts, Latin contracts, In case of a general contract, one party offers to another one. If the other party accepts, a contract is made. In such type of contract if one party break the condition then the contract will be void. Here some terms  are expressed and some are implied. In case of a financial contract, the basic terms are debenture, floating charge, a guaranty, indemnity, insolvency and liquidation etc. In the property contract law of four terms are described: Evenhandedness The economic significance of property. Lease – The owner of property transfers the right to use for a defined rent for specific time. After the time, the assets need to be returned. Legal duty –This is the responsibility of acting in accordance with law. A loss of use – If property can’t be used and possessed in defined method, there will be loss of use. In case of Latin contracts the most important terms are applied that bona fide -in good faith, bona vacantia-in vacant property and caveat emptor buyer beware, Prima facie at first sight, etc. 2.3 Assess the effect of different terms in specified contracts (P2.3) There are three significant essentials which have highly crash on an official contract in any business organisation. Those are warranty, innominate, condition. It is not possible to build a good contract without these valuable elements. Condition: It is the condition which is the best elements of a good agreement. Condition is an inseparable part of contract. In the given scenario the both parties will sign a contract paper stating all the relevant condition. No party can breach the condition. If condition is breached, agreement will be cancelled. Warranty: The warranty is a minor component in the treaty. It’s very important in the business. Everyone desires warranty. In this case, for example, the vendor (John McGurk) gives the customer (Collin McCelland) 2 years warranty. Suppose the car is found with some problems after two month of purchasing. In this situation, the vendor is bound to substitute the car or provide free service. Innominate: Innominate is also an essential element in a contract. It can be condition or Warranty. In this scenario if any circumstances fall in condition, then the law of condition will be applied otherwise the law of warranty should be considered. 3.1 Contrast the legal responsibility in tort with the contractual legal responsibility (P3.1) The responsibility in tort VS the contractual legal responsibility The following discussions contrast between the responsibility in tort and the contractual responsibility; Responsibility in tort: Tort liability can be defined as providing compensation to the person who has become loser by the act of others. There is no freedom. The applicant gets only indemnity in case of tort charge, Comparatively less privacy is maintained, Tort liability creates when agreement is breached. Contractual responsibility: A contractual responsibility is formed when related parties assure certain things to one another. A person may be busy in washing a room for money. If any party breaks the condition legal remedies need to be provided to the innocent party. There is more freedom In case of contractual liability, the claimer gets both compensation and salary. In case of contractual responsibility, more privacy is maintained. For instant: In case of contractual liability, if an employee cannot report to work, he deserves both salary and compensation. But if tort liability were existed, then the worker would get only compensation, he will not get any wages It is contractual responsibility which can be many kinds. But on the whole, it is liable for damages that are assured in the contract. 3.2 Describe the characteristics of liability in negligence (P3.2) The model of negligence is the way to hold a person responsible if he can’t be able to make proper decisions, even if he didnt want to cause harm. In business organization, several kinds of negligence are occurring. Here I will mention some from those: Duty of care: Duty of care is the common negligence in business firm. Many business firms face serious problems due to proper duty of care. So to avoid the problems, company should apply the concept of duty of care Breach of duty: It is the break of a treaty by any one or both parties. The breach of contract creates a lot of problems. Personal injuries: It is also connected with responsibility in negligence. All employees should be more cautious for physical accident. They have to operate the machinery carefully to safe themselves. Damage to property: Negligence can cause the damage of valuable property. So every business activity should be performed with proper care. Economic loss: Economic loss refers to the failure of getting financial benefit. Economic growth may be hampered without proper awareness. So we see that negligence is the reason of so many problems of any business organization. It can harm the management  as well as employees which is not expected. Only proper awareness can solve these types of problem. So management should be careful about that. 3.3 How a business can be vicariously liable-Explain (P3.3) Vicarious liability: It states that if any worker of a firm has any difficulty because of illegal action of the firm, then the firm is ethically liable for that. The corporation needs to provide compensation to the workers from the company’s welfare fund. The following examples explain the vicarious liability of the corporation: In the last year, at the time of working, many workers lost their lives because there was a terrorist attack. So their family falls in danger to lead their lives. In that situation, the owner of that garments has taken the responsibility of the worker’s family. The company provided their family cash money as compensation. So this situation is referred as the vicarious liability of a business firm. 1. Drinking too much from a bar Mr Tiago crashed car causing brain damages. In this case the bar will not take the responsibility because it was Mr Tiago’s own fault. But if Mr Tiago were minor then the bar must take the responsibility because selling these types of product to minor is strictly prohibited. Mention and communicate your findings in P3.3 (merit 3) In recent years, many companies provide training to their employees, arrange different seminars to make aware to their employees. The company ensures a safe working condition for their employees. Many large companies perform corporate social responsibility. Most of the firms form ‘worker welfare fund’. In many factories there is ‘child rearing home’ for children of female workers. Almost all of the companies provide medical facility to their workers. They provide transportation facility to their employees To create social awareness and make social development lots of firms invest. If any accident occurs, company provides compensation to them or their family. So we can say that now a day’s companies operate business not only for making profit, but also for the benefit and development of the employee and society. 4.1 In different business situations, apply the  elements of the tort of negligence and defences. (P4.1) A tort is called the civil mistakes for which compensation is given to the wronged. Negligence is one kind of tort which includes a lot of situations where persons negligently hurt to others. There are some elements of the tort of negligence. In the following section, some of the elements of tort of negligence and defenses are applied; Personal injuries: The main subjects of tort of negligence are personal injuries. If any employee becomes injured due to his/her carelessness company will not take the responsibility. Property Damages: Any time property can be damaged due to inattention. Since an employee cannot regain his/her personal property, he can demand compensation from the employer. Economic loss: It means the reduction of firm value. If any economic loss occurs by other negligence, then the wronged party bound to give compensation. Economic issues are the basic things in the business. 4.2 in given business situation, apply the elements of vicarious liability (P4.2) Actually the given scenario is very short; there is no so much information. So assuming some situations I can find the elements of vicarious liability and I have applied the of vicarious liability’s components in the given business scenario: The main components of vicarious liability are the relationship between the parties; here a contractual relation between John McGurk and Collin McCelland exists. In this case if Collin McCellend faces any problem or accident due to the technical fault of that car; John McGurk must ta ke the responsibility but if it occurs due to the buyer own fault then seller will not be liable. Another important element is that the occurrence should be happened during the warranty period. So after the warranty period seller would not take the responsibility. Evaluate and justify overall valid conclusion- use critical reflection to (D1) After all, we can say that, a contract will be valid if it satisfies the essential element of a valid contract. Here I have tried to focus some elements of contract, such as offer, acceptance, consideration, certainty and legality of the object, etc. In this assignment I have mentioned and described the terms of a valid contract. The major terms of a contracts are condition, warranty and innominate. If condition is breached the contract is ended but if warranty is breached the contract can’t be ended. Only the innocent party can demand damages. Here I also tried to compare and contrast between liability in tort and contractual liability.  Focus is also given on the classification of contract such as written contract, verbal contract and mixed contract. A written contract is preferred due to some valid reason like it can be used as a future reference to reduce misunderstanding. After all, the rules of contract should be applied to be a valid contract.

Internship Report as a It Support Engineer free essay sample

My field of interest is IT Support Engineer and I worked in this field and gain significant knowledge on this field. This experience will help to me to get job on this related field. The purpose of the internship program is to help students focus on their career interests and potentials. The whole program entitles to give the opportunity to learn, observe and determine their goals and aims. At the end of the period, the study allows them to gather information and construct a report on their observations, knowledge and experience. As stated earlier the study also assists students in completing their academic credit. The scope of the report is to describe the purposes of the internship program and the work undergone during the program. The report defines the responsibilities, sources of data, information of the work covered in the program duration with problems and achievements. The activity schedule is the work distribution of an internee in order to complete the internship program. We will write a custom essay sample on Internship Report as a It Support Engineer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The efficiency and maturity with which a Engineer schedules the activities related to a network determines the engineer understands of his/her work. Scheduling determines the necessary tasks and allocates each task the necessary time. The internship program allows internees to understand how processes work and what is needed to be able to perform efficiently. Problems may surface while preparing a detailed internship report due to difficulty in acquiring information or data and limited prior knowledge in technical report writing. While obtaining information, an internee may face difficulties in communicating with various sources of information and also face difficulties in unknown platform. In order to have sufficient amount of knowledge by the end of this program, an internee should be able to communicate well with the fellow colleagues and obtain information as much as they can with the limitations involved. Link3 Technologies Ltd. is a full-service IT company and solution provider with unrivaled expertise in software development-maintenance, networking, computer sales service, web-based solution, computer hardware software sales-support. They are vision is to provide the utmost satisfaction to our clients through unwavering commitment to Service Standards in every aspect of our business. They achieve our vision on the strength of our highly motivated employees in a caring work environment. Link3 Technologies Ltd. is specialized in designing, developing, and delivering effective IT solutions to help streamline IT functions and improve the competitive position of the clients. They are a Customer Focused Company working to provide innovative solutions, which are delivered with Reliability and Timeliness, Flexibility and Low Cost. Customer satisfaction is our primary aim. They design solutions keeping the business requirements of clients as well as technical requirements in mind.

Short Analysis of Film Review essays

Short Analysis of Film Review essays To give structure to a film review, writers rely on a number of criteria to pass their judgment. The range of criteria used is vast and includes broad elements that apply to most films and specific criteria that apply only to specific films. Solitary Stas used four criteria in his overall positive review of Rear Window. The four criteria used were of a broad nature and could be further applied to the judgment of many other films such as The Wizard of Oz. One criteria used by the writer to pass a positive judgment was intensity of effect. This is a broad factor that measures the impact a film has on its audience and many aspects of a film contribute to its intensity of effect. Solitary Stas states that this film touches on many issues of humanity and society and to this reviewer, the ability of a film to relate to its audience intensifies its effect. The reviewer also states that Hitchcocks subjective point of view and the films amusing and humorous dialogues further increase the intensity of effect by drawing the audience into the murder investigation and amusing the audience. The reviewer also believed that a film must be aesthetically coherent and tell a story in a logical order and stated that all elements of this film are perfect and come together very well. Thus the criterion of aesthetic coherence was another standard used to pass positive judgment of Rear Window by this reviewer. The reviewer also thought that a film must ha ve some originality to receive a positive review and Rear Window met this requirement, particularly with its unusual usage of music. Thus the criterion of originality was used by Solitary Stas to further cast a positive judgment on Rear Window. The reviewer however disapproved on certain aspects of Rear Window based on the criterion of adherence to formula which involves following a general schemata for a film of a part ...

Confederation Poets of Canada

Confederation Poets of Canada Confederation Poets of Canada Confederation changed life for Canadians, both politically and culturally. Canadian poetry reflected pride in the new country and its diverse landscapes. During this time, four poets rose to prominence for writing that extolled the natural beauty and pastoral culture of Canada. The literary critic and commentator Malcolm Ross dubbed them the Confederation Poets because they were all born in the 1860s when Canadian Confederation occurred. Bliss Carman Bliss Carman was born in 1861 in Fredericton, New Brunswick. After attending the University of New Brunswick, he wrote numerous poems, essays, and commentaries. He earned his income solely from writing and received the greatest international recognition of the Confederation Poets. His collection includes Vagabondia, Behind the Arras, and The Pipes of Pan. Archibald Lampman Lampman was born in 1861 and considered the Keats of Canada. He was renowned for poetry about nature. His works include Lyrics of Earth, Alcyone and Other Poems, and Amonth the Millet and Other Poems. Charles G.D. Roberts Charles Roberts is known as the â€Å"Father of Canadian Poetry.† He was born in 1860 in Douglas, New Brunswick, where he was homeschooled and was first published at the age of 12. He lived in the U.S. at one point and served in the Canadian military. His works include Orion and Other Poems, The Book of The Native, and The Vagrant of Time. Duncan Campbell Scott Duncan Scott was born in Ottawa and entered a life of civil service. During his free time, he wrote both prose and poetry. He received numerous writing awards throughout his lifetime and was named to the Royal Society of Canada. His poetry includes The Magic House and Other Poems, Labor and The Angel,and Via Borelius. Canadian Poetry is a Great Topic for Essays The poets of Canada are a great topic for history, literature, or writing class essays. No matter what topic you choose, can provide proofreading services to help give your writing the best possible presentation. We also offer writing and research services. Contact us at 800-573-0840 to see how we can help advance your academic success.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 36

Strategic Management - Essay Example ompany, illustrating the advantages and disadvantages, and the ways to address or mitigate the deficiencies so as to understand strategic management in-depth. The evaluated processes include Yips drivers of internationalization, Porter’s generic strategies and Bowman’s strategy clock. Microsoft Nokia is a multinational company that specializes in the telecommunication sector. Its main products include smart-phones, mobile phones and tablet computers as well as associated accessories that are meant for global market. Microsoft Nokia is a name that evolved after Nokia was acquired by Microsoft Company, a deal which was sealed in 2014. Microsoft has the right to use the name Nokia as long as the agreement holds water. This study is meant to strategically analyze the company’s operations based on three strategies or processes. Michael Porter (Cited in Tamwar, 2013) described a scheme that is used in categorization, which consisted of three types of strategies used commonly by firms to achieve as well as maintain their competitive advantage in contemporary markets characterized by cutthroat competition. The three primary generic strategies that were defined along two major dimensions of strategic strength and scope include: cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and focus strategy. In terms of scope then the demand context of the firm’s product is considered whereas on the strategic strength context, the supply dimension as well as the key competency of the firm are considered (Tamwar, 2013). These three strategies are aimed at outperforming other firms in the same industry. Most authors refer to this as the Wal-mart strategy. It dictates that companies produce high volumes of standardized products that will take care of the scale economies. Tamwar (2013) suggest that products features should be low cost, no-frills, and has ease in manufacturing. The volumes will shadow the low margins in the long run. The cost leadership strategy aims at the

Are Black Afro Caribbean boys underachieving within the Education Dissertation - 1

Are Black Afro Caribbean boys underachieving within the Education system that are born in the UK - Dissertation Example However, it is also important to understand that success is about opportunity. In the case of Black Afro Caribbean boys, the opportunity for them may also rely on the level of encouragement given to them for success. These children are mostly encouraged to participate in sports, dance or music, but not on professions such as in line with politics and law. The sole purpose is to make them role models in arts and entertainment (BBC News, 2011). Thus, these children are given less substantial background on politics and law but they are rather given much exposure in areas such as sports, dance or music. Certainly, there are different perceptions or ideas about achieving and under achieving. In short, the perception about success may vary. This means that Black Afro Caribbean boys can become successful when it comes to the opportunity given to them but not on areas where they are not given much exposure or encouragement. Prior to the understanding of underachieving among Black Afro Caribb ean boys within the UK’s education system, it is important to understand the derivation of acknowledgement of achievement. Achievement in the academe is given greater weight in the measurement of one’s level of attainment in life. Education particularly in the UK is given with great importance. That is why performing better in the academe has become a good measure of one’s success. There is only secondary evaluation given to areas which pertain to talents and skills. In line with this, Black Afro Caribbean boys are usually secluded from academic evaluation due to the fact that they are much exposed to sports, dance, music and other skill and talent related areas. However, the issue of racial discrimination especially among teachers on black Caribbean pupils exists in the education system (Thomas et al., 2009). In this way, the entire evaluation system may not be having enough solid foundation for concise evaluative process. Thus, more relevant bases are necessar y in order to find out how exactly black Caribbean pupils are performing in school. Objectives It is in line with this that the proponent of this paper tries to evaluate and find out if Black Afro Caribbean boys are really underachieving in the academe provided that they are much exposed to sports, dance, and music and even susceptible to racial discrimination. On the other hand, it is also part of this paper to define what exactly are the bases or standards used in evaluating under achievement among Black Afro Caribbean boys. The proponent will particularly answer the following questions at the end of the study. 1. What are the reasons why children underachieve in education? 2. Are black Afro Caribbean boys especially under achieving within the education system in the UK? 3. What are the reasons and effects of different education system in the UK on black afro Caribbean’s boys lerning? 4. What are the prevailing perception and acknowledgement of achieving and under achieving ? 5. How and where does the acknowledgement of achievement derive? 6. Do black afro Caribbean boys have the same opportunities or expectations to achieve? 7. Are black afro Caribbean boys affected by the lack of male role models? 8. Do teachers have low expectations of social groups such as looked after children, asylum seekers, single parented families and the disabled etc? Methodology The proponent in general would therefore investigate the reasons why

Staging and presentation Essay Example for Free

Staging and presentation Essay I will be talking about how Shakespeare has shown Richard to be a true machiavel. I will do this by focussing on I.1, I.2, III.7 AND V.3. I will be examining the features of language, staging and presentation.  A machiavel is villainous stock characters, who are practised liars (artful in their deception). This brings delight in their own evil from being a villain. Like Richard III they are cruel political opportunists. Machiavellians also disguise their true colours to stop people finding out how they really are. Richard had to be so evil because he was an enemy of the house of Tudor. He goes through the Tudor family by killing and plotting against them.  I will also look at how Richard uses language to persuade people to get his own way and how staging was very limited in Elizabethan times. Shakespeares theatres had very little scenery, very few props as well. The language used by Shakespeare was very poetic he used a lot of puns and metaphors for e.g. In the deep bosom of the ocean buried.  The basic plot line of Richard III is about a 15th century nobleman who murders his way to the throne in a true machiavellian way stopping anyone that gets in his way, A soliloquy is a dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to him or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener. Shakespeare sets up Richardss character in the opening soliloquy by that the poetry is written in Blank verse with ten syllables unrhymed lines. He expresses his thoughts out aloud. Richard is totally explicit at all times and does not try and hide his evil nature like a machiavel. The effect this would have on the audience is how evil and how devious Richard is being a self seeking power hungry maniac willing to sacrifice everything to get his own way. Shakespeare shows other characteristics in Act 1 scene 1 in relation to Clarence by lying and manipulating Clarence. He sets out to set Edward IV and Clarence against each other. Richard lies to Clarence by saying We are not safe Clarence we are not safe . This is all a lie . Richard manipulates Clarence to his own favour by being very nice to him.  In this scene Shakespeares language features are used very wisely to get the message across by using Puns. A Pun is a word or phrase with a double meaning. The effect a double meaning will have on the audience is confusion about what Shakespeare is trying to say through Richard whether he means one thing or the other. Language features used in Act 1 Scene 2 shows that language may not always be a necessary instrument of power, but for Richard, it is a crucial weapon. His extraordinary skill with words enables him to manipulate, confuse, and control those around him. Richards skill with language and argument is what enables him to woo Lady Ann.  Shakespeare creates Richards machiavellian spirit by showing 2 sides of him the one side showing a kind and helpful man. The other side a dark political opportunists. The topic of dissembling and disguising ones true identity amounts to an obsession. The effect of rhyming couplets at the end of Act 1 Scene 2. It differs from the rest of the scene by when they talk rhyming couplets are used to manipulate someone it adds an effect of finality, also when they are used it tells the audience that is the end of the scene for example where it says on lines 267 and 268 glass and pass are used at the end of the lines.  Shakespeare stages Act 3 Scene 7 to suggests Richards political opportunism by talking about bastardisation of his nephews to Buckingham. The citizens didnt react to this news and leads to a discussion. Furthering the plot this leads to their dastardly plan where Richard takes advantage of Edward. Showing Richards true colours of his cruel machiavellian ways and people start taking sides Richard sets the scene to give himself the advantage by dressing up as a holy man to get to add appear as a kind person who cares about his nephews but is really playing the part of a machiavellian e.g. the disguise talking about his nephews issues making Richard feel bad but in fact it makes him seem compassionate which makes him look good.  This relates to duplicity of Richards persona and the Elizabethan obsession by Richard disguises to act supportive towards everyone to trick people to think he is there for the well being of the Prince. But in actual fact he is hiding his true colours and feelings, Upon doing this he gains respect from people who havent a clue what he really is up to. This relates to the Elizabethan obsession by they used to love a character who were in disguise in relation to Richard he has 2 identities good and bad one making the play more interesting for Elizabethan people. In V.3 rhetorical figures are used to explore hierarchy making Richard use rhetorical figures by using the art of a machiavellian. To move from propaganda to a machiavellian he is made a bigger and more cruel machiavellian which is more dastardly. He was labelled to of killed the princes.  The use of language tells us how devious Richard is how he doesnt care about others but himself getting what he wants and that is the throne. In doing this Richard is joyful in a true machiavel way. In comparison with God this would upset him by the Natural order I have learned that Shakespeare can be persuasive with the use of language and can create a very intense atmosphere amongst the characters. Take the role of Richard he transformed in to, 2 separate people showing 2 different sides. Using puns helped create an effect as well for example when Richard admitted to Anne that he killed Henry, he tries to say this as sincere as possible and telling her it was her beauty that provoked him to do such a thing. Trying to make Anne feel in control when really he is using his true Machiavellian ways by lying to Anne. The limits of the Elizabethan stage had caused more problems fro Shakespeare this meant he had to be more creative and express as much as possible in language and movement to create the right mood. Very few props meant he had to think of other ideas fro example if blood came out of a character instead of using actual blood he had to be creative and think of other ideas he could use a bright colour clothe to create the same image but in a different way.  The play is still relevant today and the message behind the play is about a man who is willing to kill anyone who gets in his way to get what he wants and in some cases today is true. For example how people trick one another to get their own way is kind of like what Richard done turning his back on the Tudor family to get to the throne. In my opinion Richard is a true machiavel and is a very good one the way he is a sneaky, evil and conniving political opportunists is what he did best. Lying to everyone to get his own way not giving any hints of his quest to become king. He did not once feel the least bit of sorrow for what he done but was delighted in his own wickedness and it didnt matter if he hurt anyone as long as Richard got his own way was all that mattered to him. He was also disguised so people thought differently of him for example when he and Buckingham create the right effect by Richard appearing as a holy men with a Bible in hand. Also he disguises himself as being a good General. By doing all of this Richard has created the right appearance and right image in my mind for being a extraordinary machiavellian.

Colonialism Changed the Role of the Victorian Male Essay -- British Hi

Colonialism Changed the Role of the Victorian Male One of the most famous slogans of the age of global colonization was: "The sun never sets on the British Empire." As recently as 1940, world maps showed large areas colored pink, representing regions dominated by the British. Much of Africa was pink, along with India, Malaya, Hong Kong, and other scattered territories in Asia and the Americas. The existence of an empire on which the sun never set helped instill in the individual British citizen tremendous pride, and the need to become personally a devoted imperialist. For more than 100 years, the fact that Britain was an empire had changed the British man’s life, and had instilled in him the fact that he was superior to most other peoples especially those of other colors and backgrounds. This was also the period when it was felt that it was the "white man’s burden" to take care of all those countries whose inhabitants were less worthy than the white Anglo-Saxon. This way of thinking was called Social Darwinism. This was an age when even though England, in some respects, tried to act "fatherly" towards some of the countries it had seized, it still felt a strong amount of racism towards the people of those countries. In 1849, General Wolsely wrote from the Gold Coast, "The Africans are like monkeys. They are a good-for-nothing race." In 1849 Thomas Carlyle pronounced Europeans wiser than Africans and said inferior races must obey the superior. It was an idea that by 1900 most English men and women held, one that fit the paternalism of the governing classes and the prejudice of the lower classes. The Empire had created a nation of imperialists. The commercial spirit has always existed in human society. What was peculi... ...ed better sanitation, light, water, and power. More jobs opened up in the pursuit of these needs. As the century ended, national loyalty reached fever pitch in Britain as it did in France and Germany, and its favorite mode of expression was imperialism. It touched all classes, every religious faith, all political parties. This aggressive stance was motivated by many things; racism, greed, and the belief that it was up to the white man to rule the world. My essay has tried to prove that the colonization process within Great Britain, during the Victorian age (1815-1914), greatly changed the roles of men, as well as everyone else within that country’s walls. By changing the way people were educated, how they lived, what their dreams and aspirations were, government policy, and job openings in Britain and abroad, all helped to change the role of the Victorian male.

Main Issues and Trends That Affect Marketing

Main Issues and Trends that affect marketing management now days and how do they influence organizational planning. Marketing Management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities. Rapidly emerging forces of globalization have compelled firms to market beyond the borders of their home country making International marketing highly significant and an integral part of a firm's marketing strategy. Marketing managers are often responsible for influencing the level, timing, and composition of customer demand accepted definition of the term. In part, this is because the role of a marketing manager can vary significantly based on a business' size, corporate culture, and industry context. For example, in a large consumer products company, the marketing manager may act as the overall general manager of his or her assigned product. To create an effective, cost-efficient Marketing management strategy, firms must possess a detailed, objective understanding of their own business and the market in which they operate. In analyzing these issues, the discipline of marketing management often overlaps with the related discipline of strategic planning. The main issues and trends that affect marketing management are environmental problems, income gap, customer dissatisfaction, global competition, environmental deterioration, infrastructure neglect, economic stagnation, low labor skills and other issues. Some of these affect marketing management in a positive and negative manner, because they are problems and are considered opportunities. Marketing essentially is the creation and delivery of a standard of living to society. A market is a locus of trade: individuals or groups exchange anything, anywhere, anytime, to satisfy needs or wants. Most marketing managers have been satisfied analyzing their marketing plan using the classic Marketing Mix: Product, Price, Place, Promotion. With the advent of globalization in general, and the Internet in particular, marketing management must reevaluate these Four Ps, even converting to Four Cs to tackle the new challenges facing the old mix. I have realized that globalized market means that domestic companies can count on a much larger market potential for their goods and services; bad news is that they will face a greater number of competitors. Next, issue that I considered an issue that affect marketing management is environmental deterioration. Environmental deterioration presents countless opportunities to companies that can create more effective means of cleaning up the environment. Infrastructure neglect will provide huge opportunities for companies in the construction, transportation, and communication industries. Economic stagnation is another issue that is constantly affecting marketing management and the cause is its favoritism for companies that are good. Low labor skills are an issue and it promotes positive results in the business world because it challenges educational and training companies to design more effective programs for upgrading human skills. Last, although I have considered income gap issue as the first issue influencing organizational planning.

Careers In Early Childhood Education Essay

Part AFredrick Frobel believed that children learn when they are lively and free. He also believed that children’s education should be based on their interests and their active involvement. An activity using Frobel’s’ parquet gifts for 3 – 5 year olds would need to be simple enough that they would be able to manipulate the pieces involved and complex enough to challenge their minds. To start our activity I would take thin pieces of wood about 10Ãâ€"10 inches. I would outline a very simple drawing of different animals on the pieces of wood. The children can use the parquet shapes to fill the animal in, or to trace the outline of the animals. The animals would require 7 – 10 shape pieces to complete. This activity would interest the children because of the puzzles and the animal shapes. The constructive play would develop several skills such as hand/eye coordination and mental activity. The children would also be learning about different animals and their parts, like legs, heads and bodies. It also provides a small step towards the next level of play, symbolic play, by mimicking animals out of other materials. Part BMaria Montessori believed that children are internally motivated to interact with the world. She believed that children’s play was a waste of time they could be using to learn. The activity with Frobel’s parquet gifts would use the same animal outlines on the thin 10Ãâ€"10 inch pieces of wood but they would be hollowed out to create the depression of the animal. By adding small knobs to the shape pieces it would teach the children the correct way to hold a pencil. Together these make the puzzles themselves self correcting and keep the children using the activity in the way it was designed. Montessori believed there was only one way to use her education materials. There is a key difference in Fredrick Frobel and Maria Montessori methods. The activity designed for Frobel’s method allows children to create their  own ways to manipulate the pieces, like outlining the puzzle. Since his method was not self correcting it requires more thought to keep the pieces in the right area when adding another piece. Montessori’s method was much more stringent, while she believed children learned by natural exploration she didn’t allow materials to be used other than the designated way. Scenario 2: Learning Activity 1, Pet ParadePet parade is a learning activity where children make pet masks and take turns describing their pet and showing the things their pet like to do. Children naturally like to create and draw. Letting the children choose which animal they would like to represent encourages them to use their minds to make decisions. The children would be creating art by cutting, gluing and coloring their masks as well as planning how they will represent their chosen animal. Standing in front of a class full of children gets the up and moving. They would be speaking and encouraged to answer questions about their pet from the other children. This activity is a fun way to further nurture many skills. Learning Activity 2, What’s Different?What’s different is a real life version of the popular spot the difference books. Children take turns covering their faces or putting heads on their desks while the child whose turn it is changes something about his/her appearance. The change doesn’t have to be big, just rolling up a pant leg, put a sock on their hand or perhaps a funny paper mustache. Then the other children uncover their eyes and take turns guessing what’s different. This activity helps the children to learn about taking turns and being the leader. It also gets them up and moving and helps them with problem solving skills. When the children Letters don’t have to be precise and artistic; they should be fairly constant and readable. They should not float like a balloon or sink below the line and should be formed from the top and not the bottom. Practice forming letters with letter formation drills promotes reading and writing for all children. Children with a visual impairment may have the materials modified. Use brightly colored pens with a black contrasting paper. Enlarge all workbook pages and lined paper, double lines work well for children with visual impairment. For children with epilepsy traditional approaches need to be modified. Some student struggle with motor skills as a result of their epilepsy and they are especially vulnerable to inattention and work incompletion. Further breaking down the letters into simpler steps has been proven to promote writing skills in a child with epilepsy. A few easy steps can be taken to ensure the classroom is suitable for hearing impaired students. When possible, turn off equipment that creates background noises, such as fans and projectors, when not in use. Eliminating extra noise helps students with hearing impairments focus on the class lecture and assignments. Remember that hearing aids amplify every sound, including tapping pencils and air conditioners. Area rugs and heavy curtains can also eliminate a great deal of extraneous noise. Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, especially those with the inattentive subtype, may take longer to process information. Be sure to give them extended time to complete their assignments. Practice letters that  are similarly formed (l/t/I; c/d; v/w), and work on those that are more frequently used — s, m, r — before he tries those less commonly found in words — j, q, z. Engage in different sensory methods for letter formation such as sand, or on an iPad white board using their finger. Scenario 4- Cause, technique, solution and reason: Temper TantrumCause: Connor wants attention. Guidance Technique: Ignore negative behavior. Appropriate Solution: Move to the other side of the room until Connors tantrum is over and then invite him to sit beside you while you read a story. Praise him for sitting beside you nicely. Reason: By ignoring the negative behavior and giving attention to the positive behavior it will effectively stop the tantrums. â€Å"Mommy, don’t go!†Cause: Insecure attachment Guidance Technique: Encouragement Appropriate Solution: Encourage Angela to play with her favorite toy or read a book when she is dropped off in the morning; also speak to Angela’s mother about becoming a secure base and not leaving without saying goodbye to help Angela acclimate. Reason: Positive support and encouragement can help the transition to a new place easier. BullyCause: Power Guidance Technique: Restructure and Reinforce Appropriate Solution: Restructure the environment so there are fewer opportunities for bullying. Help Jenny realize she has power over her decision by letting her choose and activity and choosing to play with someone instead of taking over. Reinforce positive behavior when she makes the right choice. Reason: Restructuring the environment will provide an assurance of protection to the other children while reinforcing Jenny’s positive behavior shows her that you respect her decisions and care and care for her while paying attention.

Othello Act 3 Scene 3 Essays

Othello Act 3 Scene 3 Essays Othello Act 3 Scene 3 Paper Othello Act 3 Scene 3 Paper Essay Topic: Othello Explain the effect of dramatic techniques employed by Shakespeare in the construction of the pivotal Scene 3 in Act 3. Act 3 Scene 3 is one of the most important and pivotal scenes in Othello, where Iago speaks meticulously and thoroughly with Othello, planting the seeds of suspicion ad jealousy in Othello’s mind which ultimately leads to the tragic events that occur in the latter parts of the play. Shakespeare’s diction for Iago arouses the idea of suspicion and jealousy in Othello; at first, Iago speaks only the word â€Å"jealousy† (167) fixing it into Othello’s imagination then reminds Othello of Desdemona’s deception of her own father â€Å"She did deceive her father, marrying you, / And when she seemed to shake and fear your looks, / She loved them most† further planting seeds of suspicion into Othello’s mind as the implication is clear, where Shakespeare’s choice of words, does not need Iago to state it’s true meaning: If Desdemona can deceive her own flesh and blood, she can easily deceive her husband. However, as soon as Iago states his thoughts with Othello, he back tracks what he says â€Å"But I am much to blame. / I humbly do beseech you of your pardon / For too much loving you† bringing about once again Iago’s duplicitous nature. Dramatic irony is used not only in Act 3, Scene 3 but throughout the entire play. Iago is constantly referred to as honest, however time and time again, Iago lies, playing with his words to seek out his own revenge. Shakespeare writes â€Å" Also, Shakespeare uses the technique of foreshadowing†¦ Desdemona’s lines at the beginning of the scene are prophetic: â€Å"thy solicitor shall rather die / Than give thy cause away. † (27-8) This reminds the audience / reader that this play is in fact a tragedy alluding to the idea that most characters are bound to fall. Furthermore, Othello says â€Å"Perdition catch my soul†¦ / Chaos is come again† (90-2) there is an element of prophecy in this statement, as, metaphorically, damnation will soon catch Othello, whilst chaos will soon replace order in his life. During Othello’s soliloquy, Shakespeare uses a rage of imagery emphasising the appalling change in Othello. There is only one thing Othello is certain, that is the â€Å"exceeding honesty† (260) of Iago, another example of dramatic irony. The end of the scene is the climax of Othello, as Othello, convinced of his wife’s infidelity, is fixed in his course, to seek â€Å"a capable and wide revenge† (460) on Desdemona ensuring the disastrous endings of this tragedy unavoidable. Othello makes a black vow with Iago

Vinland Sagas - Viking Colonization of North America

Vinland Sagas - Viking Colonization of North America The Vinland Sagas are four medieval Viking manuscripts that report (among other things) the stories of the Norse colonization of Iceland, Greenland and North America. These stories speak of Thorvald Arvaldson, credited with the Norse discovery of Iceland; Thorvalds son Eirik the Red for Greenland, and Eiriks son Leif (the Lucky) Eiriksson for Baffin Island and North America. But Are the Sagas Accurate? Like any historical document, even those known to be authentic, the sagas are not necessarily factual. Some of them were written hundreds of years after the events; some of the stories were woven together into legends; some of the stories were written for political uses of the day or to highlight heroic events and downplay (or omit) not-so-heroic events. For example, the sagas describe the end of the colony on Greenland as having been the result of European piracy and ongoing battles between the Vikings and the Inuit occupants, called by the Vikings Skraelings. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Greenlanders also faced starvation and deteriorating climate, which is not reported in the sagas. For a long time, scholars dismissed the sagas as literary fabrications. But others such as Gisli Sigurdsson, have revisited the manuscripts to find a historical core that can be tied to Viking explorations of the 10th and 11th centuries. The written-down version of the stories are the result of centuries of oral traditions, during which the story may have been conflated with other heroic legends. But, there is, after all, accumulated archaeological evidence for Norse occupations in Greenland, Iceland, and the North American continent. Vinland Saga Discrepancies There are also discrepancies between the various manuscripts. Two major documents- the Greenlanders Saga and Eirik the Reds Saga- give differing roles to Leif and the merchant Thorfinn Karlsefni. In the Greenlanders Saga, lands southwest of Greenland are said to have been discovered accidentally by Bjarni Herjolfsson. Leif Eriksson was the chieftain of the Norse on Greenland, and Leif is given credit for exploring the lands of Helluland (probably Baffin Island), Markland (Treeland, likely the heavily wooded Labrador coast) and Vinland (probably what is southeasternern Canada); Thorfinn has a minor role. In Eirik the Reds Saga, Leifs role is downplayed. He is dismissed as the accidental discoverer of Vinland; and the explorer/leadership role is given to Thorfinn. Eirik the Reds Saga was written in the 13th century when one of Thorfinns descendants was being canonized; it may be, say some historians, propaganda by this mans supporters to inflate his ancestors role in the momentous discoveries. Historians have a fine time decoding such documents. Viking Sagas about Vinland About the Book of the Icelanders (à slendingabà ³k), written between 1122 and 1133 (Smithsonian)Text of the Icelandic Sagas (NorthVegr)Text of Eirik the Reds Saga, written about 1265 (Medieval History, About.com)About the Saga of the Greenlanders, compiled ~13th century (Smithsonian) Arnold, Martin. 2006. Atlantic Explorations and Settlements, pp. 192-214 in The Vikings, Culture and Conquest. Hambledon Continuum, London. Wallace, Birgitta L. 2003. L’Anse aux Meadows and Vinland: An Abandoned Experiment. Pp. 207-238 in Contact, Continuity, and Collapse: The Norse Colonization of the North Atlantic, edited by James H. Barrett. Brepols Publishers: Trunhout, Belgium. Sources and Further information The woodcut on this page is not from the Vinland sagas, but from another Viking saga, Erik Bloodaxes Saga. It shows Erik Bloodaxes widow Gunnhild Gormsdà ³ttir inciting her sons to take possession of Norway; and it was published in Snorre Sturlassonss Heimskringla in 1235. About.coms Guide to the Viking Age Hofstaà °ir, Viking settlement on Iceland Gardur, Viking estate in Greenland LAnse aux Meadows, Viking settlement in Canada Arnold, Martin. 2006. Atlantic Explorations and Settlements, pp. 192-214 in The Vikings, Culture and Conquest. Hambledon Continuum, London. Wallace, Birgitta L. 2003. L’Anse aux Meadows and Vinland: An Abandoned Experiment. Pp. 207-238 in Contact, Continuity, and Collapse: The Norse Colonization of the North Atlantic, edited by James H. Barrett. Brepols Publishers: Trunhout, Belgium.

Nursing documentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing documentation - Essay Example (Ammenwerth et al., 2003; Audit Commission, 2002) 'A nurse from Coventry was recently removed from the national register after failing to keep accurate records for patients in her care. She was found guilty of seven charges of misconduct. The committee heard that she failed to ensure care plans were prepared for several patients covering issues such as diabetes, pain management and dietary needs. On one occasion, she failed to notify staff of a patient's increased risk of hemorrhage following a drug error. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) found the nurse had systematically neglected a basic and crucial duty to keep proper records for the management of patient care.' (Griffin, 2004) And this is only one of the cases found in literature, in relation to the negligence, with which the nurses treat the importance of making records. Castledine (2005) reports about the failures to carry on proper documentation in the Freda House. Freda House is described by him as the establishment for treating blind people. Due to the improper records, which one of the nurses - Bob - was making, many patients and older people in the Freda House were mistreated and had health complications. As a result, 'The managers of Freda House decided to refer Bob to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) because of the poor explanations and excuses for his actions. He was charged by the NMC with: (1) Completing medication records when the drugs had not been administered; (2) Falsely completing nursing records relating to wound dressings which had not been changed; (3) Failing to change residents' dressings while indicating that he had done so in the patients' care plans; (4) Failing to report at handover to the nurse in charge that he had not administered drugs or changed patients' dressings; (5) Failing to clean the eyes of a resident.' (Castledine, 2005). Of course, this only proves how nurses have got accustomed to the thought that documentation is the skill second to nursing (Tingle, 2001), not understanding its importance for the patient's health. The similar cases are also described by Tingle (2001), British Journal of Nursing (October, 2000), Johnston (1998), Moody (2001). It was surprising to read the work of Bjorvell, Wredling and Thorell-Ekstrand (2003), in which they have come to conclusion that 'most participants, regardless of group, perceived nursing documentation to be beneficial to them in their daily practice and to increase patient safety'. Why then do we have so many reports of the health complications, which appear as a result of the misleading or false nursing records (Anderson, 2000; Charles et al, 2000; Tingle, 1998) Many articles describe the importance of carrying correct nursing records. (Wright, 2003; Scottish Executive, 1999; Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2002; Dion, 2001) For example, Owen (2005) writes in her article, that 'Documenting patient care is extremely important in the community setting as nurses usually visit patients alone, sometimes with long periods between each visit. The only way that the nurse can legally communicate the care that has been delivered is by writing effective records. Nursing records are usually held by the patient, enabling information to be shared easily between visiting practitioners.

Leadership Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Leadership Theory - Essay Example As Blanchard describes, situational leadership is not something that is done to people, but it is something done with people (p.60). Literature on Biblical context of leadership provides various views on leadership; it also recognizes that no specific leadership trait or style can be termed as best and should vary with the situation and according to the followers. This is explained through various laws of leadership in the Bible and with references to distinct spiritual personalities in Christianity. Upon extensive exploration of biblical context of leadership and after studying different leadership models and theories, it was found that situational leadership is most congruent with biblical context of leadership. The aspect of biblical leadership concept considered in the present discussion includes spiritual gifts possessed by leaders, as outlined by Borek, Lovett & Towns (p.174). This discussion evaluates how leaders tend to use or apply spiritual gifts in various situations. Further, effect of situational leadership has been illustrated through examples explained on the basis of impact of following situationa l leadership and the possible effects of not following this leadership. Contingency approach to leadership provides the best picture of leadership concept and is also the best way marker to anyone entering the leadership role. Immense debate on leadership traits and behaviors can be, to a large extent, answered by the contingency approaches modeled by various theorists. Daft (p.64) underpins the significance of contingency models by stating, ‘the effectiveness of leader behavior is contingent upon organizational situations.’ These approaches provide different methods of dealing with different situations. They incorporate different leadership styles in different situations. Daft explains,

Can GPS (Global Positioning Systems) Guided Earthworks Construction Dissertation

Can GPS (Global Positioning Systems) Guided Earthworks Construction Reduce Or Eliminate Golf Course Shaper Costs - Dissertation Example This project declares that the GPS tracking system available to the public are easily decrypted, thus revealing the message. Encryption is the key protection that GPS uses. The signals are encrypted using various coding methods before transmission and is encrypted via decryption tools once it reached the receiving node. Interception can happen while the signal is transferred from the sender to the receiver, and none of the two nodes will have the slightest idea that the readings are faulty. This paper makes a conclusion that GPS automatically uses UTC time update to synchronize its time reading, as discrepancies with time intervals, even to its littlest differentials, would cause faulty readings. GPS satellites are monitored constantly within 789-second duration. Calculations of the location are computed using at least three satellite points. â€Å"Common-view is the use of specially arranged, simultaneous view measurements, that maximize satellite elevation angles between pairs of stations (USNO GPS Time Transfer, n.d).† almost 50 laboratories participate in synchronizing the time transfer. It is notable that strict compliance to the time measure is rigorously observed. Through the use of the GPS, the time that it takes for an entire golf course to be finished can be decreased significantly. This is due to the fact that using GPS needs lesser time to complete the shape of the golf course than using actual golf shapers.

Poverty effects on childs self esteem

Poverty effects on childs self esteem POVERTY EFFECTS ON A CHILDS SELF ESTEEM by First Name, MI, Last Name A Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of HS5006 Survey of Research Methodology [Name] [Month, Year] Address: City, State, Zip: Phone: E-mail: Instructor: Mentor: Abstract A childs self esteem is very important in determining the future of the child. A child must grow with a positive self esteem. Self esteem is affected by poverty. Poverty affects the socio-economic welfare of the family which in turn affects the child. This usually happens when the parents of the poor child are not able to afford what other children are getting form their parents including better education, medical cover, social facilities among others. The poor child who suffers from low self-esteem is not able to compete with the rest because he is psychologically affected. The effects of low self esteem could go on even up to adulthood. This article examines the impacts of poverty on a childs self esteem. Table of contents Introduction Background Problem statement Significance of the study Literature review a) Theoretical literature review b) Empirical literature review Methodology Discussion and findings Recommendations Conclusion 1.0 Introduction Self esteem is the key driving factor in a childs achievement in life. For a child to succeed he must have a positive sense of self esteem. A child with low self esteem is always out competed by the rest of the children with positive self esteem.   Self esteem can make one either to do well or poorly in every day activities. On the other hand, poverty is the lack of finances to meet the daily financial commitments. A poor person, according to the United Nations is a person who lives below a $1 per day. Poverty affects a persons ability to cater and provide the daily basic needs. Children borne out of poor families are characterized with low self esteem. This is because the parents are not in a position to provide for them the daily basic needs as the other children from the well off families. When at school, these children are teased on their social-economic welfare lowering further their sense of self-esteem. When such children grow up with such low self esteem, they do not compete well because they were poorly prepared for the future due poor background. This research paper investigates the effect of poverty on the self esteem of the children. 2.0 Background Poverty is the lack of well-being by the people. It is the inability of people to purchase basic necessities of life. This includes food, shelter, education and clothing. Absolute poverty is a type of poverty associated with the lack of financial capability to afford basic necessities of life. It usually occurs when a person spends less than $1 in a day. This type is also known as financial poverty. This kind of poverty can be alleviated by encouraging the people to develop small, medium or large businesses. The4 businesses should make use of natural resources for them to be effective. The other type of poverty is the poverty that is not associated with income. Also called the non- income poverty. This is where the people may have some money but in general, their life standards are below the societys expectations i.e. they may not be in a position to afford basic education, health care etc. this type of poverty can be alleviated through increased access to affordable social services. The social services should also be qualitative in addition typo to being affordable. In general, poor people often live below the standards of the society. Poverty is most prevalent in the unemployed, the youth, children, mothers, and the aged. Children borne out of poverty must struggle to reach the level of their counterparts from well off families. They struggle through their adulthood trying to make ends meet. Poverty is a social problem because the children borne in poor families are not given a fair opportunity to compete with the rest. There have been various measures of poverty that have been and are still in use although new measures of poverty are being advocated. The UNDP developed the human development index in 1990 to measure the level of poverty. This measures poverty based on the income. Globally, a measure that is used to measure poverty is the one developed and regularly updated by the World Bank; the $1per day. This measure is widely used although it doesnt show the real human wellbeing. That is why better methods that can capture the well being of humans are being advocated. Self-esteem: self esteem can be either high medium or low. According to Baumeister, smart Boden 1996), extremely high self esteem indicate destructiveness and narcissism. Some people may have false sense of high esteem whereby the feel they have high self esteem yet they have very low self esteem. A person with low self esteem lacks self awareness and may be defensive. (Hoyle, Kernis, Leary Baldwin 1991). Low self esteem is associated with depression. There is a strong relationship between suicide and low sense of self esteem. According to Guindon H. (2010), a person with a high sense of self esteem is more likely to be self directed and independent than low esteem individuals. Problem statement the way children perceive things is very important. This is because it is a vital component in developing their self esteem. In addition to that, self esteem is a key aspect in the learning process of a child. Through it, a child can view things either positively or negatively. On the other hand, low self esteem in children can be blamed on poverty. As children grow up, they may face low self esteem problems especially during their puberty. Self esteem varies with from one child top another (Williams, 2007). According to sociological researchers, there are two types of poverty namely: situational poverty where a family can plunge into poverty due to some negative aspects of change like loss of a job or problems of a disease and generational poverty which when it strike a family it is difficult to deal with and a child may suffer even up to old age. Children are affected differently by the two type of poverty (Dana, 2003).A child born in a family that has generational poverty grows in the knowledge that the situation the family is in is determined by fate and the situation is beyond control. A child born in a family with generational poverty always feel inferior compared to his/her peers and usually suffer from low self esteem. However, low self esteem disappears and the child grows confidence if the situation disappears. 3.0 Research questions This research seeks to investigate the relationship between poverty and the self esteem of children; whether the relationship is direct on inverse. It undertakes to answer the following research questions: Does poverty have and impact on the self esteem of children? Is the relationship between poverty and self esteem a direct or an inverse relationship? Does low self-esteem progress in to adult life in a poverty stricken family? 4.0 Significance of the study literature on the effects of poverty on psychological development of a child triggered the research into this topic on the effects of poverty on a childs self esteem. The former studies were not clear and specific on the effects of poverty on the self esteem of a child (Sandra and Josefina, 2002). This later became reality and a challenge. The observation of children across different family backgrounds drew the interests of different researchers. They started working on it and in the preliminary observations, the self esteem in children decreased as the level of poverty increased among children but not absolutely. This means that some children had high self esteem though they were from poor backgrounds and vice versa. No observations were made on whether the low self esteem disappeared as the children grew albeit still being in poverty. This unanswered questions triggered the topic and these forms the main objective of this research. Through this study, we shall find out the relation ship between poverty and self esteem in children. From the findings, researchers can come out with a better methodology of dealing with low self esteem in children from poverty stricken families. 5.0 Literature review 5.1 Theoretical literature review This research will make use of different library material and electronic databases such as J-STOR and inform global database in compiling of the research. In addition the research will make use of books and peer reviewed journals to compile and complete the task. The use of government publication will be very instrumental to get the statistics and figures that are relevant to the topic. According to Sandra, W. (2007), children can be affected by the family issues like lack of funds, peer pressure, stigma and family stresses. Children from poverty stricken families often do suffer from stresses from the family unlike their peers from other well off families. It is more humiliating to them when they are not in a position to pay the full amount required for school activities. Also affecting childrens self esteem are factors like stigma attached to poverty stricken families, class divisions, humiliation from peers pointing out what they lack, low quality clothing compared to their peers etc. in addition to this, there are other factors like lack of access to some facilities like swimming pools, certain games like golf etc. all these factors can have a negative impact on the self esteem of the child which in turn negatively influences the childs education. Children always want to feel confident in their abilities. Contrary to this, their schoolwork and future life prospe cts will be highly affected negatively. Sandra, W. (2007), adds that for children to do well, they need role models that are positive, positive friend, families together wit h communities. This will make a difference on their self esteem. Parents also have a role to play as far as self esteem is concerned. As much as they should praise the children for a job well done, they should watch out not to overdo it because it will backfire. Very high expectations to children pressure them so much that they make mistakes avoiding challenges. Too much criticism also damages self esteem. Therefore, parents must strike a balance. A child can overcome financial as well as emotional if all the players, teachers, aunts, parents and peer can be of positive influence to them (Sandra, W. 2007). Rani, (2006) studies the impact of single poor mothers on their children in India and He notes that the impacts are wide, varied and complex. Many single women in India, though they do not have any formal employment, they head their households providing everything that is needed. When the husband dies, these women assume every responsibility of the home. They work outside leaving the children alone at home. Since they are poor, they can not afford to hire a care taker to take care of the children. Their financial indigence can not allow them to provide mentorship for their children. They thus feel anxious about their childrens future. The conditions are hard for both the mothers and the children. The mothers are hands tied to care for the childrens basic needs. With the soaring economic conditions, they strain and cut down expenses. This leads to provision of poor quality services to these children.   They drop out of school. In pursuit for the basic needs, they end up assisting th e mother in provision of basic necessities. The familys role as a socialization agent is weakened. The whole scenario is a total mess (Rani, I. 2006). Mclahahan Booth, (1989) argue that the socialization process is different in single parent families. That the attachment of children to parents, the expectations and values of parents and the ability of parents to influence their childrens behavior are some of the factors that are vital in enhancing socialization within families. In addition to that, structural factors of whether a family is single parent or not matters. Single mothers are less influential regarding childrens decisions than when they are two. Peer pressure is more intense in children from single mother families then others. Though some researchers say that school performance of children fro the two types of families differ, Rani, (2006) says that studies carried out show that children from two parent families out performed their counterparts form single parent mothers. This is explained by the low socio economic standards of the children from single mother families. In this connection, the children from poor familie s educational performance are affected by the poor economic standards of their mothers (Mclanahan, 1985). More so, the school drop out rate was high for children from single mothers that those from two parents. Single mothers rarely monitor the social activities of their adolescents. This leads them to be susceptible to peer-pressure more than their counterparts resulting to other chain of bad social behavior. These children according to studies spend more time doing chores at home as compared to their counterparts from two parents. According to wisegeek, (2010), poverty starts affecting children even before they are borne. This experienced when the mother s are poor and can not insured. Therefore they always dont get prenatal care early enough making them suffer from diabetes, high blood pressure and other complications. This leads to developmental delays in their children growth, lagging behind their peers. As if hat is not enough, children from poverty stricken families usually experience many health complications like asthma (due to living in poorly ventilated house structures) and obesity (due to the inability of parents to afford a diet rich in proteins). Another problem of growing up in poverty is mental problems. This occurs to due to stresses that accompany poverty stricken families. These problems include; unemployment, divorce, death, drug abuse etc. Anxiety and depression feelings are the outcomes of such situations and they can last to adult hood. In addition to lack of quality time from working par ents who strive to make ends meet, children from poor families spent much of their time in poor quality daycare centers. This could impact negatively on their emotional health (wisegeek, 2010). Children form poor background often receive low quality education once in elementary school because they are involved in a lot of movements or they are forced to attend cheap schools that provide poor services. This will set up long term repercussions to the child. If he cant learn properly in elementary school he will be affected even in high school and college. The lack of a university degree will ruin the rest of the lifetime of the child as he will struggle a lot. Teenagers form poor families are most likely to indulge in drug abuse, risky promiscuous behavior and alcohol. The indulgence in this will most likely spur chains of other unlawful activities all this happen at the expense of learning and preparation for future life which their counterparts from affluent families will be doing. This complicates their lives even further. Solving generational poverty is a problem because it can affect two to three generations. A family suffering from generation poverty will be so frustrated; they even create myths surrounding their poverty situation thus forming a culture of poverty that limits their chances of breaking through and coming out successful. This may include indulging in unlawful acts like burglary. Due to poverty, children from families suffering from generational poverty grow up knowing that their present circumstances are fate determined in addition to factors that are beyond their control while those children fro m the middle and upper class are taught how to focus on the future and the potential to their lives (wisegeek, 2010). 5.2 Empirical literature review Rosenburg Owens (2001) provides an example of low esteem persons drawn from the examples and the surveys. They find that persons with low esteem are more sensitive to any experiences that threaten to damage their esteem. Criticism troubles them most causing them to react more emotionally to failure. In addition to that, they easily magnify events as negative and make non critical events as critical. These people experience low interpersonal success due to inadequate interpersonal confidence. High self esteem people look for growth while their counterparts, the low esteem people usually protect the esteem not wanting to make mistakes. Low self esteemed people are more pessimistic, distressed emotionally, less happy and anxious. Low esteemed people are rigid, indecisive and inflexible. Self esteem and happiness are interrelated. High self esteem fosters better physical health, good feelings, low depression, etc. Abernathy T. Webster, and Vermeulen, M. (2010), using the Evans-Stoddart model, they examined the data on 1759 adolescents of age 12-19. They found out from the study that there is a relation ship between the income of families and the health and that the relationship is based on the social environment including the differences in lifestyles, access to healthcare and low sense of self esteem. The analysis entailed bivariate and multivariate which displayed the positive relationship between self esteem and mastery and physical exercises levels. Interpreting the findings, they found out that low physical activity experienced by children from poor families have impact negatively on their self esteem hence their health. To reduce the impact, policies and programs that reduce poverty and increase the physical activity o f such children should be established. These policies would not only boost the health of the children but will also increases the level of esteem that the child has. This will translate into improved academic performance fro the children and thus a brighter future (Abernathy, T. 2010). In another survey carried out by Trzcinski, E. (2004), he studied school children in Middle Ages and assessed the effects of welfare on their daily activities and life. He undertook thirty interviews with children from metropolitan and large areas. He gathered the views of children as regarding the impact of multiple jobs on the child-parent relationship.   His outcome of the research was that the multiple jobs done by their parents during the night or in evening interfered with the child- parent relationship. He also found out that children who affected by these jobs went to school late and that the children while at school were always teased about their poverty and welfare issues. Trzcinski, E. (2004), noted that this affected the performance of the children at school because children from urban and poor families were poor and therefore their welfare was low. They could not afford many of the things that those children from the well-off families could.   He points out that this also affected the childs psychological well being (Trzcinski, E. 2004). 6.0 Methodology This research paper makes use of secondary data obtained from secondary sources like the books, journal articles, and the internet. 7.0 Main findings and discussion This research paper finds a major relation ship between the impacts of poverty on childs self-esteem. Poverty has significant effects to the children coming from poor backgrounds. According to Rani, (2006), many families that were single parents in India, they were poor. This was attributed to the inability of the mothers to posses various useful skill that would assist them get good employment. These mothers stayed out late fending for their children. The children on the other hand were lest on their on. This makes the families poor since the mother income in is not enough to cater for the food, shelter and the clothing. The low social economic situation of the family affects the children psychologically. This is because; their parents can not afford the better education, better health, social services recreation among many other things. These children miss a lot. Their sense of self esteem is tampered with. They start seeing themselves in a different angle as less achievers. They c ant think properly like their counterparts from well-off families. Socialization is hard because they are teased. As Trzcinski, E. 2004 found out, these children from poor back grounds are teased at school of their socio- economic welfare. This just serves to increase the pressure they have on their self esteem. They end up suffering from stress and depression. In, fact this explains the high school drop out rates among children from poor families. The poor family conditions affect the childrens performance at school. Their counterparts out perform them shining in every aspect. There many reasons to explain this. Just as Rani, (2006) pointed out, those children from single mother families are at double risks. They have no one to supervise their academic work as the mother is too busy. She leaves early and reports I back ate. They are on their own doing every chore at home and thus they have less time to study. They also walk to school. Due to the strained economic condition of the family, their parents can only afford a cheap school that offers low quality education. With no family socialization, these children grow into adulthood equipped with very little education and skills. Thus they will still lead poor lives just because they are less prepared to compete with the rest of the children who are well prepared for the future. In addition to the above, poverty starts having its effects on the child prom a poor family from his birth. As Guindon H. (2010) points out, the parents of these children are poor therefore they cant afford health care insurance. They keep waiting for pre-natal care from cheap hospitals. Due to the low quality of the services, they give birth to children in poor environment growing up with many complications like asthma diabetes etc. these poor conditions affect them as they grow up because the parents are poor and can   not afford good nutritional diet to their children. The poor conditions that the child grows in affects his self esteem and instead of the child growing up fighting poverty, he accepts it, and starts to think that everything and every situation they undergo is fate driven this low self esteem if not fought hard, results in vicious cycle of poverty for an individual. He will be poor since borne to his death. And the poverty can surpass to the next generation. 8.0 Recommendations to take care low self esteemed individuals The following are the recommendations made to lower the effect of poverty on the self esteem children from poor backgrounds: Social support: the state should increase programs that provide social support to the individuals with low self esteem. According to Guindon H. (2010), people with strong social ties have high sense of self esteem. Therefore, to raise a persons self esteem, one needs to increase a sense of belonging. Cognitive behavioral strategies: this helps reduce stress and depression as it increases the level of self esteem among schizophrenic patients. Tests carried out showed that techniques like relaxation, study skill and guided imagery help reduce anxiety and increase the level of self esteem in college students. Individual, family or group strategies: one-on-one individual counseling increases self esteem thou, it should not be used on critical cases of low self esteem. Family therapy should address issues like ineffective parenting styles and poor family functioning. This may be useful in treating issues related to family dynamics (e.g. eating disorder).   Physical fitness strategy: Exercises especially sports help increase self esteem. The effect of exercises is most felt in adolescents. Other strategies like reality strategies, solution focused therapy, narrative therapy, play therapy and creative arts have also been used to increase self esteem. In school going children especially, child centered lay therapy is highly recommended to alleviate the problems of low self esteem. However, the therapist should first understand the source of the low self esteem. Through this strategy, parents and teachers are taught ways of dealing with such cases and how to improve the childs autonomy, responsibility and setting therapeutic limits. The state should come up with programs to help reduce the long term effects of poverty on the development children. Nutrition programs like the women, infants and children (WIC) should be encouraged to because they help feed pregnant women and young children below the age of five with nutritious food. This includes offering of free pre-school to children from poor back grounds. 9.0 Conclusion Poverty should be taken seriously. It is affecting many children from poor backgrounds. Such children have low self esteem which ends up messing up their entire future life. Poor children from poor backgrounds do not do well in school due to low self esteem. They also experience frequent cases of stress and depression. Majority of single mother families are poor. Frequencies of school dropouts are high in such poor families. Due to frustration, they succumb to peer-pressure hence indulging in drug abuse and promiscuity. If the low esteem goes on in the lives of these children as they grow up, they may end up being poor and frustrated. The state should move fast to save and secure the future of these children through social programs that are helpful to them. Other non-governmental organizations should work hand in hand with the government in alleviating poverty and helping the poor families. Some of the programs that they should involve themselves with are nutrition programs, individual family strategies, physical fitness strategies, social support and cognitive behavioral strategies among many others. These will save the future generation. References Abernathy, T., Webster, G. and Vermeulen, M. (2010). Relationship Between Poverty and Health Among Adolescents. Retrieved on February 23, 2010 from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12003291 Boden, J., Ferguson,D. and Horwood, M. (2008). Does adolescent self esteem predict later life outcomes? A test of the causal role of self esteem. Development and psychology.20, 319-339. Dana, H. (2003). What are the Long Term Effects of Poverty? Retrieved on January 21, 2010from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-long-term-effects-of-poverty.htm Guindon, H. (2009). Self esteem across lifespans: issues and interventions. Brunner-Routlegde USA Kernis, M., Grannemann,B and Mathis, C (1991). Stability of Self Esteem as a Moderator of The Relation Between Level of Self-Esteem and Depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61, 80-84 Mclanahan, S. and Bumpass, L. (1988). Intergenerational consequences of family disruption, American journal of sociology 94 (1):130-152 Owens, T and Stryker S (2001). The future of self esteem. Extending self esteem theory and research. New York Cambrige University Press. Rani, I. (2006). Child Care by Poor Single Mothers: Study of Mother Headed Families in India. Journal of Comparative Family studies 01. Sandra, A., Josefina, F. (2002). Gender and poverty: Self-esteem among elementary schoolchildren. Journal of children and poverty, 2(1), 5-22.Williams, S. (2007). Child poverty and Self Esteem. Retrieved on January 21, 2010 fromhttp://poverty.suite101.com/article.cfm/child_poverty_and_self_esteem Sandra,W. (2007). Child Poverty and Self Esteem: How Poverty can Contribute to Childrens Negative Emotional State.retrievd on February 23, 2010 from: http://poverty.suite101.com/article.cfm/child_poverty_and_self_esteem Trzcinski, E. (2002). Middle School Childrens Perceptions on Welfare and Poverty: An Exploratory, Qualitative Study. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Vol. 23, 4. Wisegeek, (2010). What are the long term effects of poverty? Retrieved on February 22, 2010 from: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-long-term-effects-of-poverty.htm